Income Inequality

Milestone Decisions - Essay Example In this respects, Plessy has additionally recorded the appeal against John H. Ferguson, the chief of the rail organization of United States (Street Law, Inc., 2000). By inspecting the case situation, it has been seen that the Plessy v. Ferguson case was focused on the infringement of law identified with racial segregation. The case was agreeable to John Howard Ferguson, who was the legitimate authority of the case for Louisianan Railroad Companies, as a respondent of the case. In agreement, the choice was declared by the incomparable court of Louisiana expressing that Plessey was legitimized according to the Unites State laws, which was built up for making isolation according to racial premise. For this situation, the enactment was perceived as significant impact behind the dynamic procedure of Supreme Court of Unites States (Street Law, Inc., 2000). Additionally, Supreme Court’s choice in the time of 1875 has confined the administrative government’s capacity towards making any sort of mediation in the state government issue. So as to make any sort of contribution in the racial isolation just as segregation related act, the government needs to take the consent from the Congress in power (Street Law, Inc., 2000). Conflictingly, for the offended party, Plessy’s legal counselor gave proof, which proposed that the infringement of rules under thirteenth and fourteenth revisions had occurred by the railroad organization. As indicated by the offended party, the state railroad organization was blamed for making contrasts between the boarding of rail vehicle for whites just as for shaded race during offering types of assistance. According to the fourteenth amendment rules, Plessy was furnished with the ticket of getting to regular compartments, which in reality makes him subject for equivalent treatment in the rail other than the way that the standard to guarantee separate offices based on consumers’ race was in itself morally

Chemical Change Definition in Chemistry

Substance Change Definition in Chemistry A concoction change, otherwise called a compound response, is where at least one substances are modified into at least one new and various substances. At the end of the day, a substance change is a synthetic response including the adjustment of iotas. While a physical change can frequently be turned around, a synthetically change normally can't be, aside from through increasingly compound responses. At the point when a synthetic change happens, there is additionally an adjustment in the vitality of the framework. A substance change that radiates heat is called an exothermic response. One that assimilates heat is called an endothermic response. Key Takeaways: Chemical Change A synthetic change happens when one substance is changed into at least one new items by means of a concoction reaction.In a compound change, the number and kind of particles stays consistent, however their game plan is altered.Most substance changes are not reversible, with the exception of through another substance response. Instances of Chemical Changes Any concoction response is a case of a compound change. Models include: Joining preparing pop and vinegar (which air pockets off carbon dioxide gas)Combining any corrosive with any baseCooking an eggBurning a candleRusting ironAdding warmth to hydrogen and oxygen (produces water)Digesting foodPouring peroxide on an injury In correlation, any change that doesn't shape new items is a physical change as opposed to a compound change. Models incorporate breaking a glass, airing out an egg, and blending sand and water. Instructions to Recognize a Chemical Change Substance changes might be recognized by: Temperature Change - Because there is a vitality change in a compound response, there is frequently a quantifiable temperature change.Light - Some synthetic responses produce light.Bubbles - Some substance changes produce gases, which can be viewed as air pockets in a fluid solution.Precipitate Formation - Some concoction responses produce strong particles that may stay suspended in an answer or drop out as a precipitate.Color Change - A shading change is a decent pointer that a substance response has happened. Responses including progress metals are especially liable to create colors.Odor Change - A response may discharge an unpredictable substance that delivers a trademark scent.Irreversible - Chemical changes are regularly troublesome or difficult to reverse.Change in Composition - When ignition happens, for instance, debris might be delivered. At the point when food decays, its appearance noticeable changes. Note a synthetic change may happen with no of these pointers being watched. For instance, the rusting of iron produces heat and a shading change, however it sets aside a long effort for the change to be clear, despite the fact that the procedure is continuous. Sorts of Chemical Changes Scientists perceive three classes of substance changes: inorganic synthetic changes, natural compound changes, and biochemical change. Inorganic concoction changes are compound responses that dont for the most part include the component carbon. Instances of inorganic changes including blending acids and bases, oxidation (counting ignition), and redox responses. Natural substance changes are those the include natural mixes (containing carbon and hydrogen). Models incorporate raw petroleum breaking, polymerization, methylation, and halogenation. Biochemical changes are natural substance changes that happen in living life forms. These responses are constrained by catalysts and hormones. Instances of biochemical changes incorporate aging, the Krebs cycle, nitrogen obsession, photosynthesis, and processing.

The History Of The Conflict Perspective essay

The History Of The Conflict Perspective essay The conflict perspective definition and theory The conflict perspective is the major theory in sociology; with its help sociologists can get explanation for things that happened in society and history. The idea of the conflict theory was introduced by Karl Marx, who convinced that social classes (both groups and individuals) interact with each other on the basis on the conflict, but not the agreement. It means that the strongest groups will always use their power to keep less powerful groups under their control. Actually, the conflict is viewed as the main engine of changes in society, because it produces discrepancies that could be solved in creation new conflicts and discrepancies. So, the process is endless, and this is how the human history evolved. Here are the main principles of the conflict theory: the conflict theory keeps an idea that any fighting happens because of struggle between different groups or classes of society; each society group fights with others to get more resources; all groups want to protect their needs and interests, and they block the other groups progress; each groups individuals express their aggressive impulses while being in relationships with others. Being a humanist, Karl Marx wanted people to reach their full potential. Marx supposed that the entire story can be characterized by an economics fight between the rich and poor people. In his theory, Marx explained why and how people were able to separate from animals when they learned that its possible to produce their own means of existence, but not just to use only provided by nature. He set the conflict between classes as the major moving force of all history and supposed that all changes of society are defined by the conflict. Conflict theory in the context of gender If to view gender from the position of the conflict theory, we can say that men are the dominant and powerful gender that used to subordinate women. In most countries, men were those who historically held responsibility and power in their families, and women had to fulfill their own obligations and roles, such as raising children, making housework, cooking food. The German sociologist F. Engels made research on the gender roles and family hierarchy from the perspective of K. Marx. He supposed that relationship between man and woman in family is almost the same as relationship between proletariat and bourgeoisie classes, because women are dependent and have less power and rights than men. Modern sociologists say that nowadays, the family model was changed because many women became breadwinners, so theyve got the power in the structure of family. Such women try to create more democratic atmosphere in their families, though some of them are still responsible for all domestic problems. Human always tries to get power, whether it is politics, or outdoor games, work place or family. Authoritative position is important for all people. There are a lot of different communities and social groups that can have different religions and classes. All these people have quite various values, perspectives and goals. The collision between their values and perspectives causes the conflict between people. The conflict may have different reasons such as owning the land or power, production, or the political power. Its possible to say that people interact with each other using not a cooperation, but competition, and of course it causes a conflict. We know that all people always strive for advantage and power, so it means the conflict between them changes constantly. When we have large communities that compete for anything, it often can lead to significant social changes. So, conflict perspective means all differences between people and groups in the society.

I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died - 842 Words

Mikalyn Hutchins Bozeman AP Prep English 9 30 October 2015 â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died† by Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson was likely influenced by epitaphs on tombstones. She uses floral language like Frances Osgood, and did not write the way the general public thought women should write, like the way of Helen Hunt Jackson. It is possible that is the reason she did not publish her works (Petrino). In the poem ‘I heard a fly buzz when I died’, Emily Dickinson uses metaphors in order to say that everyone dies and it is not always the most desirable way to die. Emily Dickinson was part of the American Transcendentalist movement. The word â€Å"transcendental† means character, thought, or action, so it is no surprise the movement was called Transcendentalism. The transcendentalists often worked together, unlike poets from other movements (webexhibits.org). The transcendentalists, particularly the women, often wrote about death and many people wonder why (Noble). The poem â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died† is about a person lying on their death bed after having a will written. The persona, the person telling the story as a narrator, has been distracted by a fly. Emily Dickinson used metaphors, foreshadowing, and personification in â€Å"I Heard a fly Buzz When I Died.† A metaphor is a comparison of two unlike things. An extended metaphor is a metaphor that extends through stanzas or even through the entire poem. The poem is an extended metaphor, comparing the random, ugly fly and anShow MoreRelatedI Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Dickinson s â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† is an elegy written from the perspective of the speaker who is already dead and who is reflecting back on the last moments of her life and the moment of her death. The speaker tells the story of his/her own deathbed scene: describing the final experiences and sensations before the exact moment of death. The poem uses specific language, descriptive visual and aural imagery, and other poetic devices to convey the confusion and frustration that speakerRead MoreI Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pa ges Emily Dickson â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† is an elegy written from the perspective of the speaker who is already a dead person who is reflecting back on the last moments of her life and the moment of her death. The poem uses specific language, descriptive visual and aural imagery, and other poetic devices to convey confusion and frustration that speaker s experience as at the very end accepting that their life is coming to an end, a fly came into their notice and disturbed their final momentsRead MoreAnalysis Of I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died996 Words   |  4 PagesRomantic Era of poetry, where everything was romanticized: death, love, etc. Of her poems, â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died,† is the most difficult to acquire the meaning from, but also the darkest of all her poems. In the poem, Dickinson describes a scene of a person, on their death bed, surrounded by people. The mood is calm, and serene, but it is interrupted by a buzzing fly. As the poem progresses, the pesky fly is forgotten and Dickinson explains the doleful environment in the room. The poem goesRead MoreAnalysis Of I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died1137 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Dickinson’s â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz - when I died† describes a death speaker looks back the moment of his or her death. Using the objects like the storm, the fly and the melancholy of the people around to express the mood of the speaker, Dickinson reveals that faces the death, the speaker is afraid at first, but finally, the speaker finds the calmness and peace inside herself or himself. Like â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz - when I died†, After Death also addresses a moment before death. Rossetti uses theRead MoreCritical Analysis Of I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died1381 Words   |  6 PagesLater in he r life, Dickinson writes about death and the overwhelming presence of death. Her famous poem, I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died, talks about death and the decay of the body. According to Helen Vendler’s Dickinson: Selected Poems and Commentaries, it gives an analysis of the I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died in line 7 of the poem the king will be coming and will reclaim what belongs to him and when he comes it will be witnessed by the bystanders in the room. The King is coming for the deceased andRead More An Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died1091 Words   |  5 PagesAn Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died Emily Dickinsons poem I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died is centralized on the events of death and is spoken through the voice of the dying person. The poem explores both the meaning of life and death through the speaker and the significant incidents at the time of near death that the speaker notices. Many of Dickinsons poems contain a theme of death that searches to find meaning and the ability to cope with the inevitable. ThisRead MoreEmily Dickinson s I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died846 Words   |  4 PagesElements of â€Å"I heard a Fly Buzz When I Died† In some instances within literature, writers surprise readers by incorporating ideas that the reader may or may not expect. Within Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"I heard a Fly Buzz When I Died†, readers are introduced to a ghostly speaker that discusses the scene of their deathbed. Readers are exposed to many surprises throughout various aspects of the poem. One aspect of the poem that surprises readers is the relationship between the speaker and the fly .The firstRead More Death in Dickinsons I heard a Fly Buzz When I died Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesDeath in Dickinsons I heard a fly buzz when I died Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† is a reflection on what happens when one dies. In the poem, the speaker is waiting to die. It seems as though they are expecting something spectacular to happen at the moment of their death. This spectacular event they are expecting does not happen. I heard a fly buzz when I died By Emily Dickinson I heard a fly buzz when I died; The stillness round my form Was like the stillnessRead MoreIssues of Mortality in Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died595 Words   |  3 PagesDickinson’s â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died â€Å"symbolizes the death that Emily saw around her daily. Emily Dickinson wrote the poem around the time of the Civil war which was between the years 1861 through the years 1865.Emily Dickinson was socially awkward, and around the time of her early twenties completely secluded herself from the outside world. Despite the fact that her family had strong political traditions, Emily and her brother seemed uninterested in the war. Very much so that when her brotherRead MoreAn Analysis of I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died and Jilting of Granny Weatherall1714 Words   |  7 PagesChrist then they will go to heaven, however, if a person fails to let go of their sins or does not live accept Christ then they will not find eternal life in heaven. Both â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† by Katherine Anne Porter and â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died† by Emily Dickinson depict characters who fail to find salvation after death because of their inability to see God in the physical form; the authors illustrate this using different literary elements including style, symbols and allusions

Descriptive Essay Immigrants In America - 1884 Words

Immigrants in America I nervously start to fidget with the ring on my thumb as I watch the trees pass by from the window of the bus. My legs start to shake. My heart thumps loudly. So loud I’m afraid everyone can hear it. Today is the first day of school in America. America is beautiful. There’s so much to see. The beautiful mountains remind me of large palaces and towers. The warm colors shining on the lake from the sunset remind me of Begonia flowers we grew in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is loud, crowded and chaotic. The heat soars up to 100 degrees. But here in Vermont it’s cool, and quiet. I’ve never been to a place this quiet before. I like it, its peaceful here. I have been on this public bus with my dad for the past 20 minutes. I feel†¦show more content†¦The clean tiles sparkled like a diamond. I listened to the quick patter of my feet as I tried to keep up with my dad’s long strides. The white walls were filled with colorful art drawn by students. The hallway was empty. I saw students in classrooms as we walked by, which meant that class had already started. Eventually we arrived at a hallway with a sign at the top that read, â€Å"KINDERGARTEN† in big red letters. I’m not exactly sure what â€Å"Kindergarten† is, but we’ve never had that in Bangladesh. We finally arrived at a classroom where the teacher ushered for us to come inside. All the students were already in the classroom. The classroom consisted of a shiny mocha-colored desk on the right next to the door, filled with multiple papers and colorful pens. There was a large round blue rug in the corner. On the left was a play pen with a bunch of stuffed animals and toys. On the blue painted wall was a clean white board with different colored markers. There were multiple tables and chairs placed in the center of the room. My dad and I walked in as the whole class stared at us. My face turned red from all the attention. My dad and the teacher talked for a while until my dad turned around and kneeled in front of me. â€Å"I’m going to go now. Ask your teacher if you need any help. I’ll come pick you up after school ok? Don’t worry you’ll be fine.† I nodded. I’ve been to school in Bangladesh without my parents before. I’ll be fine. My dad walked out of the classroom andShow MoreRelated Presenting People in Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes, and Island Man579 Words   |  3 PagesPresenting People in Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes, and Island Man In this essay I will compare the ways in which the poets present people in â€Å"Two Scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes† by Lawrence Ferlinghetti and â€Å"Island Man† by Grace Nichols. In this essay I will look at the shape, structure, poetic devices and language in both poems. Firstly I will examine what the two poems are about and the ways how both poets portray the peopleRead MoreRomantic Period of Literature in America Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the romantic movement. Themes of the romantic period include nature as a refuge, high imagination, and emotional intensity. All of these influences and themes culminate in many different forms of literature including poem, short story, and essay. A drastic shift from the Puritan and Quaker writings of the colonial period in American literature, the romantic movement was heavily influenced by a changing colonial world. The United States, closely following a revolutionary victory, began pushingRead MoreThe By Roger Bonair Agard And Gloria Anzaldua Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pagesfigure turning white, the way that many aspects of black culture were being adapted into white culture. Anzaldua also employs imagery to initiate the call for activism in her poem by illustrating the poor conditions and injustices that illegal immigrants face in the workplace. She introduces the abuse of power that employers hold when she writes that they work â€Å"from sunup to dark-15 hours sometimes†¦. Last Sunday they asked for a day off wanted to pray and rest, write letters to their familias..Read MoreThe Night Of A Salem State Writer s Series Event1135 Words   |  5 Pagescreeping just a few minutes past seven thirty the Writer’s Series event began. The Writer’s Series is run by the creative writing devision of the Salem State Arts program. It features published author of short stories, biography, poetry, and memoir and essays who come to the campus and preform free to reading. On Tuesday, I got the chance to attend my second Writer’s Series event. Featuring two poets Shari Caplan and Jarita Davis. The event began with Shari a Salem State alum who is a poet, freelance essayistRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Madison Eller 1474 Words   |  6 PagesMadison Eller Literary Analysis Essay March 6, 2016 When God created Adam, He saw that Adam needed a helpmeet. Humans need other humans to be happy. Unfortunately, sin often prevents people from living peacefully with each other. Prejudice can form a great rift between cultures, but if the two cultures understood each other, perhaps they would not be so prejudiced. The Chosen provides an inside look into the culture of the Jewish people in America. The persecution of the Jews brought millions ofRead MoreCulture Shock1485 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Dhanaraj Descriptive Essay Culture Shock: An Integration in a New Country LIBS - 7001 February 21, 2011 The word ‘CULTURE’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘CULTURA’ which means to cultivate, to grow (Harper 2010). Anthropologist Edward B. Taylor, defines culture as â€Å"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits.† (O’Neil 2006). This is the basic premise that beliefs, morals, and customs are all based on one’sRead MoreEssay on Insight on the Life and Works of Julia Alvarez1239 Words   |  5 Pagesgreats when talking about American literature. At her current age of 64, she has a numerous amount of writings and has won many awards. Personal life experiences from her youth to the Civil War to now have highly influenced her works (Heredia). Descriptive and influential, it is clear why Alvarez’s publications have influenced society the way they have today. Aged 64, Julia Alvarez is considered to be one of the greatest American writers of current times. Although she was born a native of New YorkRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Walzer s On What Does It Mean For An American?2244 Words   |  9 PagesMichael Walzer’s essay on â€Å"What Does It Mean to Be an American?† raises many points about the American citizen. Specifically, he discusses â€Å"American† as an adjective (Walzer). â€Å"American† is often associated with American citizens; while this is true, the term can also be applied to Canadians and Mexicans (Walzer). American is such an ambiguous adjective that it is applicable to all countries and individuals that are part of the North American continent. Like Mr. Walzer states, American is not a trulyRead MoreHistorical Period Of The Bacon s Rebellion1662 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay we will closely examine the historical period of The Bacon’s Rebellion during the late 1600’s. We wil l pay closer attention to the cause and effects of Bacon’s Rebellion and the development of the white oppressed era. Before the Jim Crow era, the invention of the word Negro or the â€Å"White man†, or descriptive concepts to describe the blacks never seemed to existed. The colonial era consisted of a large mixed population of white and black bondsmen, who occupied the same economic issuesRead MoreMelting Pot6314 Words   |  26 PagesThe Metaphor of the Melting Pot Peggy Ruth Geren The melting pot has been used metaphorically to describe the dynamics of American social life. In addition to its descriptive uses, it has also been used to describe what should or should not take place in American social life. How did the term originate? How was it used originally? How is it used in contemporary society? What are some problems with the idea of the melting pot? How is public education connected to the idea of the melting pot?

Unit 1 †a Managerial Approach to Marketing Free Essays

Kimberly Bell American Intercontinental University Unit 1 Individual Project MKT640 – A Managerial Approach to Marketing November 11, 2012 Abstract This paper reflects challenges brought on by starting up a new product, the effectiveness and efficiency of technology when marketing, and the battle of legal and ethical complication. Given are examples of different situation of each topic to demonstrate how each take place when starting a new product or service. The Marketing Scenario Introduction When bringing a new product or service together there are certain aspects to be considered for a successful product or outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 1 – a Managerial Approach to Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those aspects may include target, sector, location, creating an effective marketing plans and advertisement strategies. There are also certain issues and challenges that may arise when bringing this new product or service into existence. Challenges in New Product Launches When bringing the new product or service into the market, without a plan in place for its targeted consumers, sector, location, sales and distribution tactics there will be several issues and challenges to face. According to Bloom, if all these problems are anticipated and handled creatively, social marketing efforts can succeed (Bloom, 1981). Challenges: Target Market and Sector. One challenge that is very distinct is target consumers and sectors. These two challenges differ where ever you go. When bringing that new product into existence you must do the research of the market for the sector and target market. Therefore, realizing the market sectors as well as the target consumer can determine the difference that one or the other may cause for a major challenge. For example, 1990’s McDonald’s launched a product called Deluxe line to target the older people and launched a tag line â€Å"Especially for the grown up taste† to market it but the launch failed disastrously due to wrong selection of target market. Challenges: Effective Marketing Plan Another challenging task is creating an effective marketing strategy. Creating a effective marketing strategy when initiating a new product is all about keeping the consumers needs in mind. The information presented in the marketing should so explanatory that it gives precise information to the consumer about the details of the product. To give misleading information will cause product failure. Therefore, the marketing will be unsuccessful. For example, Levi Strauss came out with a product called type1 jeans with some different features in 2002 but the marketing and advertisements wasn’t properly devised and erroneously lead consumers in turn leading to failure of the product launch (Bonander, 2010) Challenges: Competition Another challenge is competition, when initiating a new product in the market because the market is constantly changing, entrepreneurs are constantly taking risks (ThinkQuest : Library). For example, in 1985 Coca-Cola launch a new version of the drink with a tag line â€Å"The best just got, better†, but the taste and quality of the new drink was not accepted by the consumers as the strongest competitors PepsiCo took the advantage and maximized its sales (POM final). Technology and New Product Development Marketing efforts can be enhanced by the use of technology. While sales and profits are progressing, it can also help the organization succeed in its marketing campaign. For example most companies are using social media and networking site like LinkedIn to market their business and services. These social networking sites can make the new product campaign even more effective. Technology: Distribution Technology can also allow way for distribution of products or services. Therefore, through desk top advertising, e-marketing, and online marketing, technology has led the way to easy access marketing (Herbert and Grace, 2008). For example, a software Gold Fire Innovator, developed by Invention Machine has three modules and comprises of tools that make use of value engineering and well formulated problem-solving methodology (TRIZ) to provide assistance to the users concerning the problem definition. Its second module called researcher Facilitates Engineers in executing semantic searches related with the powerful databases for finding appropriate resolutions and concepts (Frey, 2006). Technology: Efficiency and Effectiveness Technology also helps in the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of product data. For example, in the banking industry several models based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have been developed to help with the analyzing and processing of data (Yang, 2009). This process not only helps the organization to be more efficient but also more effective when servicing its customers. Technology: Display Technology can also help to display your new product in an arena for a big or small audience. For example, with a web page the new product can be advertised and sent over the internet, whereas it will be displayed in a database to allow a professional and systematic presentation to a large audience and sharing the of a wealth of information on a continued bases. Legal and Ethical Implications in New Product Development Many legal and ethical implications are faced when launching a new product or service. For example, packing, labeling regulations, disclosures, and standards. There are difference regulations set forth in different countries. There is a must that organizations understand the responsibilities regarding regulations are crucial to ensuring worldwide compliance and sustained economic edge (Akin-Ogundeji, 2010). Legal and ethical implications: Packing and labor There are various countries, which have specific regulations regarding packaging and labeling. There are also stipulates on how and where the labels should be placed on a products. For example, in the US the PDP, is that portion of the package label that is most likely to be seen by the consumer at the time of purchase (General Food Labeling Requirements). This PDP must appear on the front of the product. Legal and ethical implications: Advertisement or Display The media also creates controversy due to interpretations of the signage used to advertise. For example, baby food called Gerber, when it was launched in the France, it means stack or vomiting, which had very bad impression on the customers and led to the reduced sales of the product (Perlman, 2008). Legal and ethical implications: Media Advertisement and Display can really damages the launching of a new product because the audience can misused or misunderstand the given information. For example, when Coca-Cola entered china with the same name, the characters revealed the meaning as â€Å"Bite the wax tadpole† which was very unfortunate and misinterpreted by the people resulting in a controversy (Bite the Wax Tadpole). Conclusion It is to be concluded that from the above discussions that product development is extremely important. It also determines the organizations success and failures. Therefore, it can provide a great advantage to the company success. However, in technology can provide a huge advantage and shorten the time of developing and marketing a product. Technology allows an organization to customize their product in the market. Lastly, the product should comply with the legal aspects to avoid problem with its success. References Akin-Ogundeji, D. O. Get Your Business Ethics Articles and Articles on Corporate Social Responsibility From Ethicsworld. rg. Get Your Business Ethics Articles and Articles on Corporate Social Responsibility From Ethicsworld. org. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www. ethicsworld. org/ethicsandemployeesBhasin, H. (2010, January 22). Bite the Wax Tadpole – Why we chose a silly name. Web Development Ireland. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from http://www. bitethewaxtadpole. com/bitethewaxtadpole. htm Bloom PN, Novelli WD. Problems and challenges in social marketin g. J Mark. 1981 Spring;45(2):79-88. PubMed PMID: 12280283. Retrieved November 11, 2012. Bonander, R. 2010. Top 10: Failed Product Launches. Retrieved on November 11, 2012 from http://ca. askmen. com/top_10/entertainment_100/139d_top_10_list. html Brand Failure – McDonald’s Arch Deluxe. Marketing Strategy, Marketing Management, Marketing News, Advertising reviews. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www. marketing91. com/brand-failure-mcdonalds-arch-deluxe/ Competition in the Market   The laws of supply and demand are bestevident in a competitive market. ThinkQuest : Library. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://library. hinkquest. org/C008486F/iiid. htm Frey, C. (2006). Goldfire Innovator takes product development, process innovation to the next level. Retrieved November 11, 2012 from http://www. innovationtools. com/Resources/ideamgmt-details. asp? a=147 General Food Labeling Requirements. U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from http://www. fda. gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocum ents/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064866. htm Herbert, H and Grace, A. (2008). Technology. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www. npgoodpractice. org/Topics/Technology/Default. aspx Perlman, C. (2008). 10 marketing Faux pas. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www. level2wo. net/? p=35 POM final. Scribd. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www. scribd. com/doc/75844842/POM-final Yang, Z. Bank Branch Operating Efficiency: A DEA Approach. Bank Branch Operating Efficiency: A DEA Approach. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from www. iaeng. org/publication/IMECS2009/IMECS2009_pp2087-2092. pdf How to cite Unit 1 – a Managerial Approach to Marketing, Essay examples

Society and Environment Consideration Functioning and Operations

Question: How to society and environment consideration functioning and operations? Answer: Introduction Legitimacy theory is focused on the society and environment consideration while functioning and operations. It is comprised of a social contract where society and organizations are bound by an intangible agreement (Omran and Ramdhony, 2015). Organizations employ various natural and community resources which are not entitled to it from inheritance in exchange of utilizing these resources; society needs them to operate with some expectations, norms, policies and beliefs. In the past years, it has been found that organizations are focused on revenue generation and improving the performance of the resources. However, in the recent years, legitimacy theory is being used in a wide number of organizations around the world. Moreover, the legitimacy theory is being researched by many scholars and researchers on its validity and importance to the economy (Omran and Ramdhony, 2015). It is being criticized and accepted by various intellectuals in their different perceptions about the legitimacy and positive theory. The most explored area in the legitimacy is importance of the theory in the financial accounting system of the organization which is being hampered. Simultaneously, the role of legitimacy also forces the organization to manipulate the accounting data which results in huge financial losses. This research paper is aimed to explore the legitimacy theory integration of social contract in the accounting of organizations. The purpose of this study is to facilitate a brief on the interconnection between the society expectation and legitimacy theory. Legitimacy theory is often being used by the organization as a sustainability strategy plus to increase the competitiveness in the society due to intense competition. Nevertheless, it has also been implemented as it improves the reputation of the organization that indirectly gives financial benefits to the organization (Omran and Ramdhony, 2015). The study explains legitimacy theory and social contract meaning in the reality of organizations accounting. Furthermore, the relevance and significance of social agreement within the legitimacy theory of accounting is being discussed in this study. In addition to this, the application of legitimacy theory is being projected by referencing to scholars and researchers providing strategies and different methods integrating to the accounting of organizations. Importance and role of Social Contract contained by Legitimacy Theory in Accounting This section will elucidate the connection between the social contract and legitimacy theory. This research is a significant for revealing the positive accounting theory and its relevance and its application in the society associated with the legitimacy theory. This literature review has been critically examined to view the unbiased information about the importance and role of the legitimacy theory in the financial accounting. Therefore, in the below section advantages, disadvantages, features and strategies to implement and cope-up the legitimacy theory in an organizations financial accounting has been outlined. Omran and El-Galfy, (2014) demonstrates that Legitimacy theory is defined as operation of an organization according to the social expectations, perception, values, norms and beliefs. The organizations functions are being constructed in such a way that it fulfills the desire of the society and environment concerns in it (Omran and El-Galfy, 2014). It is one of the most criticized and studied theory in the positive accounting theory. It is the insight of the development in the management of accounting which is based on the ethical literature. It has been found that legitimacy is a bridge between the social and environmental disclosures which drives the powerful mechanism by the organizations which involves public participation in the operations for the betterment of the society and other community issues (Omran and El-Galfy, 2014). Social contract is the agreement with the social of organizations which is determined as a favor or consideration to the society in exchange of utilization of natural and community resources that are not inherited by the company. As per the legitimacy theory, the natural and community resources belong to the society and environment and when organization uses these resources they automatically bind with the obligation to serve the society and environment with the same proportion (Mansell, 2013). The natural resources includes land, machinery, metals and everything, whereas community resources are the labors and workers which has been hired by the company to make their ultimate products and services. The legitimacy theory is pivotal for existence of any business entity. The social acceptance helps an organization in carry on its business smoothly and facilitates the competitive advantage to the organization (Omran and El-Galfy, 2014). In addition to this, Tilling, (2004) reports that social contract is a powerful element that helps an organization to fulfill the social expectation. The social contract is divided into two parts that is explicit and implicit. When an organization fulfills all the legal and authorized practices to start a business with legitimacy is called as explicit social contract. Rest of all the considerations and practices are included in the implicit social contract (Tilling, 2004). Apart from this, legitimacy theory is influenced by society and environmental elements to a very large extent. The growth of an organization is depended on many factors that are government policies, demands from stakeholders, market situations and condition worldwide. Likewise, markets and growth of society is also influenced with the development of industries in terms of innovation, technology, methods and traditions. Legitimacy theory facilitates various opportunities to the organizations in market to develop and expand their business in new locations and cover wide area geographically (Samkin and Schneider, 2010). It also helps in integrating innovation, creativity and new ideas in the organizational culture which promotes the employees to involve in the operations. The involvement ad engagement of the employee results in the employees loyalty and increases the productivity as well as performance of the employee. At the same time, it ensures the profitability and financial support to the organizations. Precisely, it ensures a leading market position to the organization (Tilling, 2004). Moreover, Mousa1 and Hassan, (2015) illustrates that there are two main classification of legitimacy theory in the financial accounting which needs to be addressed. First is macro-theory of legitimacy which is also known as legitimacy theory comprising of values, beliefs, perception which has been adopted and integrated by the organization in the operations and functions as a whole to be accepted by the society and to fulfill the social expectations. In this particular class, there are some layers of institutions which are associated with the functions of the organizations (Mousa1 and Hassan, 2015). The institutional level that has an impact on the organizations operations are government, society, religion and capitalism. Furthermore, one layer down which is the second classification is called as organizational level or strategic legitimacy theory involves the organization which has a share based structure and company limited has four interrelated functions that have an influence in the institutions that is establishment, maintenance, extension and defense. In this regard, the organizations always needs to congruent with each of the level that is institutional and organizations (Mullerat, 2010). It will be considered as a social value, beliefs and behavior which facilitate the social acceptance to the organizations. The congruency of these two value system helps in finding the degree of legitimacy in an organization (Mousa1 and Hassan, 2015). Low degree of legitimacy is less pursue of social expectation in the organizational operations and vise-a-versa. Unerman, et al., (2010) describes that social contract within the legitimacy theory is a significant way to gain the votes and favors of society which will benefit an organization in the long run. It has been identified in the researches that integration of legitimacy in the organization in the accounting facilitates a clear and transparent financial reporting. It helps the stakeholders to believe in the organizational operations and invest more money in the organization. In addition to this, it is an essential part of the organizations operation for the substantial and sustainable growth and development of an organization (Unerman, et al., 2010). Not only it helps in attaining the organization a competitive edge in the intense competitive market but also it helps in improving the image or reputation of the company in the society. With the improvement in the reputation of the company, it becomes easy for any company to raise the fund for the expansion and growth of the company in the market. Legitimacy theory helps in making a strong market position in the industry that helps the company in increasing the investment in the market and raising the capital funds from investors, financers and potential shareholders. Moreover, the government also helps the company in promoting its business if the legitimacy is being implemented in the organization (Unerman, et al., 2010). The legitimacy theory facilitates the legal compliance in the accounting and functions of the organization as well as it provide benefits in various legal aspects too with no extra expenses in the legal battles and no serious social issues. Along with this, legitimacy theory helps in achieving a positive environment in the surrounding of the organization that helps in opportunist cultural environment with affirmative attitude in the employees behavior (Unerman, et al., 2010). Thus, it overall helps the company in moving forward and adds several external as well as internal benefits which are crucia l for any organization. On the other hand, Gherardi, et al., (2014) expresses that insufficiency or failure of comply in the social contract by the organization may result in a very serious consequences. The existence of the organization may come into jeopardy and many external or legal hurdles may come into the way of success. The failure of the social contract can be a consequence of many reasons. Nevertheless, it may seriously damage the reputation of the company admittedly as well as certainly responsible for failure of the business (Gherardi, et al., 2014). The survival of the business may hamper, if it does not follow the legitimacy theory effectively. In addition to this, the failure in effective incorporation of social contract may decrease the demand of the products and services in the market. The public will ignore or less purchase products and services from that organization. It will also affect the community resources and decreases the benefits from them. The employees will start walking out of the organization and leave their jobs. Furthermore, the new hiring or job search may face difficulties. The organizational culture will be not healthy and clear due to lack of legitimacy and no transparency in the accounts will create uncertainty and hesitation in stakeholders (Gherardi, et al., 2014). The investors, loan providers and financers will not consent for long-term or short term financial support to the organization. It may also cause the extra expenses, if the proper measures or rules of societal norms are not complied by the organization. The ineffectual expenses will be used for the cases, suits and other legal obligation to settle the social and environmental issues caused by the company (Samkin and Schneider, 2010). Apart from this, the organization will not be able to take the advantage of competitive edge and can face huge competition in the market which can decrease the sale of the products and services offered by the organization. Therefore, it can be identified that the effective implementation of social expectations, belief, norms and bounds is very important without which the existence of the business entity is not possible (Mullerat, 2010). The performance and productivity of overall financial position of the organization will start declining. In the view of Lightstone and Driscoll, (2008) the legitimacy theory is being covered in three stages of legitimacy that is gaining, maintaining and regaining legitimacy. Gaining legitimacy is foremost and beginning of the organizations operations that implement the legitimacy theory. Innovation, newness and creative ideas and lack of traditional beliefs and values is being implemented to develop a new structure or processes in the organization (Lightstone and Driscoll, 2008). This stage provides the significant time and parameters to set the legitimacy in the organization and acts proactively if an issue occurs. In case of maintaining legitimacy, it is an easier task than gaining and repairing legitimacy. The future changes and social expectation is being synchronized and aligned with the current operations and behavior of the organization to minimize the legitimacy gap. The past values, norms and practices are being protected by supporting the legitimacy already practiced by the or ganization. The forecast of trends, behavior, fashion and perception are being forecasted regarding the maintaining legitimacy and updating the current expectation of the society (Lightstone and Driscoll, 2008). In the end, repairing or regaining legitimacy is the method to react on the unforeseen and future crisis that challenges the growth and development of the organization. There are strategies like strategic restructuring and normalizing the accounts that helps the organization in achieving the legitimacy. accordingly, these stages are very important to be identified by the organization before implementing the legitimacy theory in the operations. These stages will give the perfect solution to the organization faced by the organization (Samkin and Schneider, 2010). As per the opinion of Idowu and Filho (2009), it has been found in many studies that social expectations are not static in nature they are ever changing and flexible which are trended over time. The social expectations are based on preferences, beliefs, trends, norms and practices in the society which can be influenced by many factors like technology, situations, government policies and market conditions. Thus, these ever changing needs and desires should be closely watched by the organizations to fulfill these social expectations. In addition to this, the social contract and integration of legitimacy in the accounting may cost high at times which cannot be affordable by the medium or small sized organization (Idowu and Filho, 2009). The legitimacy theory also need some research on how to implement it effectively plus how it is being integrated by the fellow organizations. In case of small sized and private organizations, it can be difficult for the management to arrange the sufficie nt amount to integrate legitimacy theory at a certain time. In multinational and big companies, sometimes the changes are wide and fast plus cannot be notices with light research (Omran and Ramdhony, 2015). These changes with time and actual implementation of the legitimacy have some differences which are known as legitimacy gap. The legitimacy gape occurs due to variable and capricious nature of social expectation and organizations are unable to cope-up with these changes. Thus, the difference between the actions and behavior of the organization is not synchronized with the ever changing and dynamic nature of the social expectation which is not been adjusted within the time frame results in legitimacy gap (Idowu and Filho, 2009). It pressurizes the organizations and business entities to operate and accounting with manipulations. Besides this, Wangombe, (2013) explains that communication is the most vital element in legitimacy of financial reporting and accounting in an organization. The organizations use manipulative and effective communication skills with the help of professional s and expert to cover up the issues and highlight the beneficial facts about the organization. This procedure is not illegal and acts in accordance with law and order but the intention is to hide the actual information and provide the partial information to manipulate the investors (Wangombe, 2013). Thus, organizations start to manipulate and influence stakeholders with the falseness and pretend the financial reports according to societal expectation and environmental prospective to be accepted by the society. The legitimacy gap becomes substantial problem when in the adverse times or randomly media reveals the past records of the organization which suddenly destroys the business entity in sometime and make its survival very diffic ult (Dushi and Brdufi, 2015). In addition to this, this situation withdraws the support of public in the organization and scarcity of financial and management resources s being faced by the organization. According to Hayek, (2013), in order to cope-up the situation of legitimacy gap and implementation of effective legitimacy theory, some of the researchers have provided various techniques and strategies that can help an organization in application of social contract within the legitimacy theory. It has been explored by the researchers that the legitimacy concept is related with the favor and majority of any belief, value, norms and behavior which is being accept by the public (Hayek, 2013). In order to apply it effectively, the most important element which should be noted is to communicate with slight alteration, modification to manipulate the stakeholders opinion and sense of decision making. Dowling and Pfeffer (1975) declared three way strategies through which a business entity can implement the legitimacy in its operations. The organization should identify and articulate the goals, methods, results, values and mission compliance with the social expectation, values and beliefs (Ha yek, 2013). Next, the organization can change the methods and strategies of social acceptance to attempt the legitimacy in the operation which is accepted by the majority of the public. The organizational current practices will be articulated as an ideal example of legitimacy and social contract conformity. Lastly, the attempt of legitimacy is done with the help of symbols, institutions and values in the communication practices that provides the strong validation to the organization (Hayek, 2013). Similarly, Dushi and Brdufi, (2015) explored that Lindblom (1994) suggested that there are another four strategies which helps the company in escaping the pressure of social acceptance and legitimacy can be achieved by these ways (Dushi and Brdufi, 2015). Along with this, the researcher is not concerned with the falseness and pretending the facts, the accounting and financial reports must be articulated to ensure the acceptance of the society as follows: Relevant public will be informed and educated regarding the organizational practices which are aligned with the societal values and norms and fulfills the social expectations. The disclosure of accounting and financial reports will be presented in such a way that changes the perception of the relevant public about the organizations effort to attain the societal acceptance but not necessarily changes the actual and real behavior, practices and performance of the organization (Ali and Rizwan, 2013). The articulation of facts will be done in such a way that the issues/problems will be covered and ignored in front of public and other irrelevant issues are addressed to divert the decision making and manipulate their opinion. Lastly, by demonstrating the relevant public about the unreasonable demands and expectations which cannot be fulfilled practically and that changes the external aspects of social expectation (Dushi and Brdufi, 2015). The relevant public in the above text is referred to the stakeholders of the company and majority of people who are already in the favor of the company. Relevant public is the most influential people that can be easily manipulated by the company and influences the growth and development of the company very highly. Apart from this, Ali and Rizwan, (2013) states that Deegan and Unerman (2006) also reacted on the legitimacy theory and its application by focusing on the reputation risk management which can be done with the help of active management and reaction of the organization according to the expectation of the society (Ali and Rizwan, 2013). Thus, it can be inferred that the strategies and methods help an organization in incorporating the legitimacy theory plays a vital role in social acceptance. Not only it provides the degree of legitimacy in an organization but also it enables the temporary solutions to the organization to solve the urgent compliance of social contract to minimi ze the damage. The effective legitimacy theory provides the good relation between the stakeholders and management which automatically responsible for fast services and responses to the clients in the market. It ensures the production and performance of the organization with good potential and in positive environment (Ali and Rizwan, 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion it can be implicated that the legitimacy theory and social contract is interrelated and layered aspect of each other. Social contract is the agreement between the society and the organization that provides a beneficial relationship to each other. Society provides the right to the organization to use the natural and community resources to the organization, whereas the organization is obliged in the exchange of using the resources and concerned with the environmental and social challenges. Along with this, every organization has a responsibility to operate complying with society value, norms, behavior and perceptions for a sustainable growth. There are various benefits of integrating the legitimacy in the organization such as competitive advantage, profitability, good relationship establishment between the stakeholders and the organization. On the other hand, the failure in integration of legitimacy theory because of legitimacy gap which is due to time adjustment and changing needs and desires of the society. Furthermore, the legitimacy theory has three stages that are gaining, maintaining and repairing for the application of legitimacy theory. These stages are very helpful in determining the strategies which should be applied by the organization for the effective integration of social contract and expectation. It has also been found that social expectation is an ever changing process and therefore firms need to watch and forecast values, tastes, trends and behavior one step ahead of the society and adjust the strategies with it. The failure of the adjustment can suffer the company from financial losses as well as hamper the existence of the organization. In addition to this, some of the strategies and methods are being given by the researchers to protect from the failure of the society expectations. These strategies ar e not concerned with the falseness and pretending the accounting to manipulate the decision of the stakeholders. References Ali, W., and Rizwan, M. 2013. Factors influencing corporate social and environmental Disclosure (csed) Practices in the Developing Countries: An Institutional Theoretical Perspective. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(3), pp. 590-609. Dushi, D., and Brdufi, N. 2015. Social Contract and the Governments Legitimacy. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 6(6), pp. 392-398. Gherardi, L., et al. 2014. Stand-alone Sustainability Reporting and the Use of GRI in Italian Vodafone: A Longitudinal Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 164, pp. 11 25. Hayek, F. A. 2013. Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy. Routledge. Idowu, S. O., and Filho, W. L. 2009. Professionals ? Perspectives of Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer Science Business Media. Lightstone, K., and Driscoll, C. 2008. Disclosing Elements of Disclosure: A Test of Legitimacy Theory and Company Ethics. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 25(1), pp. 721. Mansell, S. F. 2013. Capitalism, Corporations and the Social Contract: A Critique of Stakeholder Theory. Cambridge University Press. Mousa1, G. A., and Hassan, N. T. 2015. Legitimacy Theory and Environmental Practices: Short Notes. International Journal of Business and Statistical Analysis 2(1), pp. 41-53. Mullerat, R. 2010. International Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Corporations in the Economic Order of the 21st Century. Kluwer Law International. Omran, M. A., and El-Galfy, A. M. 2014. Theoretical perspectives on corporate disclosure: a criticalevaluation and literature survey. Asian Review of Accounting 22(3), pp. 257 286. Omran, M. A., and Ramdhony, D. 2015. Theoretical Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: A Critical Review. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 5(2), pp. 38-55. Samkin, G., and Schneider, A. 2010. Accountability, narrative reporting and legitimation: The case of a New Zealand public benefit entity. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal 23 (2), pp. 256-289. Tilling, M. V. 2004. Some thoughts on legitimacy theory in social and environmental accounting. Social and Environmental Accountability Journal 24(2), pp. 3-7. Unerman, J., et al. 2010. Sustainability Accounting and Accountability. Routledge. Wangombe, D. K. 2013. Multi-Theoretical Perspective of Corporate Environmental Reporting: A Literature Review. Rev. Integr. Bus. Econ. Res. 2(2), pp. 655-671

Tea Industry in Bangladesh free essay sample

Though our tea industry suffered a serious setback in 1971 but we could succeed in reversing with the help of the government, foreign assistance and hard work of our planters. It is hoping to increase our production to an average of over 1500 Kg per hal in a few years time. We have undertaken measures to improve our quality of tea by extending the area with new varieties of hybrid clone, modernizing factories and improving infrastructure. We now annually produce 60 million Kg of Tea and we hope to increase our production to 90 million Kg in the next 15 years.This paper attempts to devise a strategy to promote effective social dialogues between the tea plantation workers and their employers. It also attempts to determine the practicality of providing social protection to women workers through their own organizations and thereby enhances their labor productivity. Systematic training for the members of the workers organization has proved to be a breakthrough in terms of skill development, consciousness rising, and blossoming of self -confidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Tea Industry in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence, the possibility of providing skill training to the workers, particularly women workers through their organization, has also been explored in this paper. The art of tea cultivation in Bangladesh began over a century and a half ago in the 1840s near the Chittagong Club. The first tea garden to be established was Malnicherra in Sylhet in 1854. Its commercial production began shortly thereafter in 1857. Today, the main tea-growing areas lie to the east of the Ganga-Jumma flood plain in the hill areas bordering Indias Cachar tea-growing district.Most of Bangladesh tea grows at only 80-300 ft. above sea level northeast of Sylhet in the country. During its initial stage, plantation in Bangladesh faced acute shortage of labor. No local workers were willing to do this job since it is very hard and labor intensive. The colonial British Government deployed indentured immigrants to meet this shortage. Tea plantation workers in Bangladesh came mostly from the backward class and tribal areas of central India and regions of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.The present work force in the tea plantation sector of Bangladesh is the fourth generation of those indentured immigrants. Indentured immigrants were in fact new forms of bonded labor. Their bonded nature revealed in their geographical confinement within the boundary of the tea estate. For more than a century they were confined within the same geographical boundary; most still are. Tea industry Tea industry is one of the most mature industries in Bangladesh and till today it is bearing its heritage.In Bangladesh tea cultivation began in 1857 and Malnicherra is the first tea garden in Bangladesh. Though globalization and economic liberalization contributed greatly to set up new industries in Bangladesh, a large portion of our national income comes from this industry. In our country huge amount of human resources are involved in the Garments industry and Tea industry. In Sylhet there is large number of T. E. that is why we select T. E. for our study and in this report we will try to cover one T. E from Moulavibazer, and two from Sylhet district and one from the sreemangle.In this report we give emphasis on the present practices of human resources in the some selected T. E of greater Sylhet and through this research we will make us acquainted with the real Human Resource Management operations in the tea garden of Sylhet, Moulavibazer. Some organizations are violating the human rights. Usually violation occurs at the bottom level- labors do not get sufficient wages, compensation, training facility, good working condition, and other facilities. As a result output or productions are not increasing according to expectation and the overall development is being sluggish.The owner, authority, and stakeholder should realize that neglecting the human resources in the work place a sustainable development is not possible. Tea Plantation in Bangladesh Bangladesh produces and exports a large quantity of high quality tea. Most of the tea plantations are situated in the northeastern areas of the country, around Sylhet and Srimongal. Sylhet is situated close to Bangladesh’s border with the Indian states of Meghalaya and Assam. This part of the country is covered by hillocks rising to moderate heights.The rainfall is higher than average, a fact which British tea planters realised in the 18th century to the advantage of tea cultivation. These conditions have provided rich tropical forests with many species of wildlife, scented orange groves and pineapple plantations. It is also the home of Khashia and Monipuri tribals. The waterfalls of Madhab Kunda are another very picturesque place to visit. Jafflong, where the river runs along the border between Bangladesh and India is especially beautiful. On the way there are number of haors or marshy wetlands, which are natural, depressed swamps holding water almost the whole year round.They are home to many fish and thousands of local and migratory birds. Srimongal is about 70 km south of Sylhet. It is ‘the capital of tea. Most of the tea plantations are centered here, which is the main attraction of the region. There is also a Tea Research Institute, which is open to visitors. A high percentage of tribal people add to this areas attraction. The other main attraction is the †Lawachara† forest, only few kilometers away from Srimongal, where you can see Hornbills, White-Browed Gibbons and many other animals. Tea Gardens in Bangladesh The area around Sylhet is traditional tea growing area.The picturesque Surma Valley is covered with terraces of tea gardens and lush green tropical forests. Srimangal is known as the tea capital of Bangladesh and for miles around one can see the green carpet of tea gardens on the hill slopes. The area has over 150 tea gardens including three of the largest tea gardens in the world both in area and production. Nearly 300,000 workers are employed on the tea estates of which over 75% are women. Employers prefer to engage women for plucking tea leaves since they do a better job and are paid less than the men.A visit to the tea plantation in Sylhet is a memorable experience. The gardens are relics from the days of the British Raj. The plantations were started by the British and the manager still live in white timber homes as they did in those days. The bungalows stand on huge beautifully maintained lawns and the service and lifestyle is pretty much unchanged. A relatively new area that has come under tea cultivation is the sub-Himalayan terrain of Panchagarh. The soil and climate is highly favorable for growing tea here. In fact this area is contiguous with Assam nd Bengal in India where tea has been grown for decades. Beginning with only 300 acres of land in 2000, the cash crop is now being cultivated on over 3,500 acres in Tentulia, Sadar and Atoari upazilas of Panchagarh. It can be expanded to ultimately cover about 60,000 acres. The humus content in the soil here is more than in the traditional tea-growing areas of Sylhet. The tea produced in Panchagarh is supposedly much better in quality than that of Sylhet. Several nurseries have been set up in Panchagarh and Thakurgaon to supply high quality saplings to the tea gardens.

Artist Essay Example

Artist Essay Example Artist Essay Artist Essay Artist What do you think of when you hear the word artist? Picasso, Dali, Ad Vinci, and Michelangelo are all typical answers. They are also crucial to how we define artist. Most people, including the dictionary, consider artists people that draw or paint pieces of art and make a living off of it. An artist does not have to paint or write to be considered one. In fact, an artist does not have to be a professional at all. The word artist meaner so much more, and requires a broader definition. An artist is someone who excels at something and inspires others with their work. From the street performer to the multi-million dollar piece of art to the Hessian winning quarterback, artists captivate our attention and provide us with inspiration to be better than who we already are. Many athletes could be considered artists because what they do is amazing. They inspire many normal people to do incredible things, and that is a hallmark of a great artist. Just like the painter that takes the breath away from someone, an athlete can create memorable plays with their mastery of what they do. In soccer all the mime you hear the announcer call the players artists. The way they move on the field and the things they can do with the ball inspire awe in every person that watches. What they do inspires others to do amazing things Just like them. Watching an amazing athlete sends chills down your spine. As well as athletes being considered artists, musicians could be as well. They hone their craft with much precision, and work many long hours on what they do. Their work inspires others as well, and when you hear a very nice piece of music it ivies you chills Just like an amazing piece of art. People go to concerts to see these amazing artists, Just like how people go and see art in art museums. Music has a way of changing how people think, and that is a very influential thing. Just like art that provokes thought, music can provoke emotions in people. Because of how well musicians influence thoughts and emotions, they should be considered artists. Artists are not Just confined to sports, music, and painting, they can also be writers. Thousands of books across many centuries have inspired others to lead hanged or to do great things. Almost everyone has been moved by a well written book, and this has inspired them to do something. This again is the hallmark of a great artist. Writers are some of the most influential people in the world. While more commonly thought of as an artist than an athlete or musician, a writer is still not the first thing to pop into your head when you think of an artist, but it should definitely be thought of more often. In the early sasss, an artist was thought of as a painter, and the art they were aging was in the midst of a change. As the century progressed up into the early sasss, the artist was thought of more as someone who hones their craft, and it branched out into music and sports, much like today. Now in the 21st century, the thought of what an artist is is much broader, and encompasses much more than the previous century. Now artists are people who perform their craft to a level that most The word artist cannot be overused. Anyone who inspires someone will their skill in a particular thing should be considered one. Also, the people we call artists do not have to be specifically professionals.

A Report on Operating Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Report on Operating Systems - Essay Example The 'ENIAC' had the capacity to do 100,000 calculations per second (White, 2005). As the needs increased, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated, special-purpose analog computers during the 20th century, which used a direct physical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these features became more and more uncommon after the introduction digital computer. A succession of steadily more potent and versatile computers were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, with increasing use of digital electronics (invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more versatile programmability (Computer, 2006). Later, Intel released the world's first commercial microprocessor, the 4004 on November 15th, 1971. This is a Fourth generation computer using a microprocessor to locate much of the computer's processing abilities on a single (small) chip. The microprocessor allowed the development of microcomputers, personal computers that were small and cheap enough to be affordable by ordinary people. The first such personal computer was the MITS Altair 8800, released at the end of 1974, but it was followed by computers such as the Apple I & II, Commodore PET and eventually the original IBM PC in 1981. Although processing power and storage capacities have increased beyond all recognition since the 1970s the underlying technology of LSI (large scale integration) or VLSI (very large scale integration) microchips has remained basically the same, so it is widely regarded that most of today's computers still belong to the fourth generation (White, 2005).The demands of today's computer users as well as the modern network have moved beyond that of simple client server connectivity. There is now the availability of a wide variety of end-to-end communication products aimed at specific business functions. These include access points, broadband, cable, content networking, contact centre solutions, data centre networking, network management, optical, routing, security, VPN, storage networking, switching, unified communications, video, voice and wireless (Networking, 2004). Today's computers also have huge speed and capacity for information processing compared to computers of the past, and they have become exponentially more powerful over the years (a phenomenon known as Moore's Law). The original computers were as huge as the size of a big room. Today's smaller computers for individual use, called personal computers, and their portable equivalent, the notebook computer, are ubiquitous information-processing and communication tools and are perhaps what most non-experts think of as "a co mputer". However, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer, small computers used to control another device. Embedded computers control machines from fighter planes to digital cameras (Computer, 2006). Historical developments in operating systemsSoon after the invention of the computer, it was discovered that certain tasks were required in many different programs; an early example was computing some of the standard mathematical functions. For the purposes of efficiency, standard versions of these were collected in libraries and made

Pricing Strategy River Side Cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pricing Strategy River Side Cafe - Essay Example This gives River Side Cafe a distinct competitive advantage over its competitors as its unique Mexican style attracts and retains coffee and tea lovers at its premises. Therefore, the premium pricing strategy is the best strategy for River Side Cafe to adopt because it is also a new entrant into the market with the hope of maximizing its revenues especially in the first stages of the cafe’s product life cycle (Smith, 2011). River Side Cafe is a new player in the tea and coffee industry. As such, it has to curve out a name for itself in the beverages service industry in order to attract and retain loyal customers. However, it faces stiff competition from established industry players who already have reputable brand names and command a large share of the market. These include the likes of Tchibo, Nestle, Wal-Mart and Starbucks. These companies have a wide capital outlay to expand and promote their business thereby remaining relevant in the market over a long period. Therefore, River Side Cafe has to establish its own competitive advantages in order to enter this strongly guarded beverages market. Owing to its unique features in brewing and serving coffee and tea, the cafe also incorporates a pricing strategy in order to penetrate the market further (Jensen, 2013). Premium pricing is the best pricing strategy for the cafe to use in entering the beverages business under such competitive markets. This strat egy gives the cafe class, style and prestige as well as promoting its clients’ base through word of mouth references. Being a new kid in the block and charging high prices for their products and services attracts high-end consumers as well as establish a reputable

Analyse Contribution Of Engagement In Biopsychosocial Assessment Client Nursing Essay

Analyse Contribution Of Engagement In Biopsychosocial Assessment Client Nursing Essay In this essay the process of building a therapeutic relationship and assessing clients own circumstances within the inpatient admission and the framework found in practice will be uses analysed and criticized by using Johns (1994) model of reflection. The framework that has been used in mental health services is the Care Program Approach (CPA), which it has been profoundly criticised since it was introduced. Therefore the reflection will look into other model of nursing, Tidal Model, which offers a different philosophy of care. The reflection will also explore the interpersonal interactions theories which the nursed used during the assessment and how these aided to engage the client in the biopsychosocial assessing process. It also will be discussed other intervention models and the possible usage in similar situations. In order to begin the analysis of the above points, engagement needs to be defined. Thurgood (cited by Norman and Ryrie (2004) p.650) described it as: can be broadly defined as providing a service that is experienced by service users (including carers) as acceptable, accessible, positive and empowering. Although this definition gives an idea of the concept, it lacks to define the key elements of engagement, which Cutcliffe and Barker (2002) identified as forming a human to human relationship, expressing tolerance and acceptance, and hearing and understanding. Both definitions gather the professional values of the service and the interaction itself. Yet, Cutcliffe and Barker (2002) definition can be considered more practical when holistically assessing clients. However, these definitions do not acknowledge factors of engagement that are behind the interpersonal relationship, such as personal or organizational perspectives of engagement. The personal perspective for the nurses practice is underpinned by poor structural organization, occupational cultures and stress, bureaucratic constrains, lack of time and nursing culture driven by measurable targets (Hosany et al (2007) and Addis and Gamble (2004)). On the other hand, clients and their families are conditioned by the mental illness, their past experiences with other services, the trust in the service and the relevance of it. Additionally, the organizational issues effect upon engagement and care by reducing services budgets, by not providing resources and also by politics. Engagement has been recognized as an important part of mental health services users care. The National Service Framework (NSF), the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the Department of Health (DoH) appoint that users under CPA should be provided with resources to build a therapeutic relationship, optimise engagement and reduce risks. These documents also highlight the need to provide a therapeutic environment in order to provide best care and to engage the clients and their families with the service. Taking into account all the above information a reflective account will be taking place in the following pages by using Johns model of reflection (1994). 1. Description of the experience The clinical environment where this assessment took place was in an acute adult ward. The ward is based in an old mental health hospital, which has old and pilling off wooden windows, untidy roofs and old fashioned flooring. The ward had untidy carpets, the curtains did not draw appropriately and the painting on the walls was peeling off. These are the organisational barriers affecting engagement. This particular client was known by the service already, to protect his right to confidentiality he will be referred as John (NMC code of practice 2008). John had been stable for 10 years, but in the past few months his mental state had worsened. His psychosis and levels of anxiety increased; he distrusted neighbours and other acquaintances as well as strangers. Consequently, he stopped going out of his house and began to self medicate with over the counter sedatives. Crisis and Resolution Home Treatment Team (CRHTT) was involved and as they felt that John was not able to cope at home, they decided that an inpatient admission would be beneficial. Before the admission the CRHTT forwarded the CPA form 1A, which updated the ward staff about the latest assessment of the clients biopsychosocial needs. Once John arrived to the ward, he fully understood the situation where he was in. He was able to consent and had capacity to agree with treatment and, thus, he was admitted as an informal client. This facilitated the initial interaction and the initial grounding for the nurse/client relationship. Before the beginning of the assessment Tom (Johns named nurse) introduced everyone to John, roles were explained, a welcome pack with the ward information and a CPA booklet were given and Tom provided all the information in an oral and written manner. The nurse started the assessment by formulating open questions. However John gave single direct answers (yes, not, not sure ). Consequently, the nurse decided to change to more direct questioning. After that the client was very co-operative and was answering all the questions. He reported to be very anxious, which also was noticeable by looking to his body language (he was sweaty, clenching his fingers, rubbing his hands on the chairs arms and removing his spectacles several times during the interview). At this stage the nurse decided to undertake an anxiety assessment by using the scales tools available on the ward the Becks Anxiety Inventory (BAI, see Appendix 1). Following this assessment, John began to answer the questions more in depth and he appeared more eased, stating several times that he was in hospital for help and was going to do everything that was available for his recovery. Following the local trust policies and NICE guidelines, the CPA 1A assessment was concluded (as it must to be completed within 72 hours of the admission); the Integrated Care Pathway for Inpatient Safety and the Patient Property Liability Disclaimer were filled in and signed by nurse and client. 2. Reflection The whole assessment was intended to gather as much information as possible about John in order to understand the clients actual biopsychosocial situation (holistic assessment) and the context that led to the admission, which would highlight the needs and strengths of the client. However, inpatient admissions are more likely to focus on a more medical approach to health, mainly because social interventions cannot be implemented until the clients mental state has stabilized and he is ready to move on to community settings. Along this process the multi-disciplinary team organizes care to build up the grounds to enable recovery (Simpson 2009). This particular ward was focus on treatment and stabilizing, working on one to one interventions (nurse-client), building a therapeutic relationship through structured and unstructured interventions, and used CPA as a nursing intervention framework. Alongside these individual interactions, the activity nurses and the occupational therapist offered daily social and leisure activities. These groups provided skills and entertainment to the clients on the ward, but did not follow a particular model of nursing, such as the Tidal Model, and they offered activities to spare the free time on the ward without promoting recovery. The Tidal Model provides structured group-work centred on recovery (Barker and Buchanan-Barker 2005). This model centres its assessment on a holistic approach for the short and long term needs, viewing the mental illness as a unique experience of each individual, their families and social environment. It looks into the lowest point of the illness (such as an inpatient admission like Johns) as the point where the recovery begins with a positive approach to the illness. There are three working groups recommended in this model: discovery, solutions and information (see appendix 3), where therapeutic relationship is built and issues common to the individual and others are discussed and explored. As mentioned above, the ward nurses had more structured interventions with clients, and the issues discussed in these interviews were correlated to the Tidals Model theme groups. In these interviews the clients engage with their primary nurses and they discuss their concerns in relation to their care or other personal matters. These interventions or interviews were intended to happen at least twice weekly for at least an hour. However, for organizational issues (usually low number of staffing) not all the clients had the opportunity to benefit from these one to one interventions on a regular basis. Initially, the Tidal Model research was criticised for being bias, for lacking to fully describe clients pre and post intervention with the model, not taking into account Hawthorne effect and most of physiological factors and by not reasoning the need for a new model in mental health care (Noak 2001). However, further research and analysis showed that the Tidal Model provides tools and structure to improve care in acute ward admissions filling the gaps in care pointed in the NSF and The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (Gordon et al 2005). One could say that this model has been shown to improve mental health services, fulfil the historical gaps within nursing practice and to be grounded on evidence-based practice. However, the author of this essay believes, after reading the relevant literature, that for the implementation of the Tidal Model the levels of staffing (and therefore the service budget) should be increased and nursing practice cultures must be changed by re-educating th e workforce. Arguably both implementations are very difficult to achieve as the health service has seen budgets cut downs in the recent years and nurses practiced has been subject to negative ward cultures towards nursing models. On the other hand CPA, which is the framework used on the ward, was first designed after a series of fatal incidents which involved mentally ill people. It was aimed to be introduced in Wales by 2004 (in England was done by 1991). CPA is person centred focus which promotes social inclusion and recovery, through assessment and planning of individualized needs and strengths, working with the clients and their families or carers (Care Programme Approach Association (CPAA) 2008). Despite the initial intention that the CPA was brought to improve service users quality of care, to increase inter agencies communication and to be a case management tool, some critiques appeared. Simpson et al (2003a) researched showed CPA was thought to be an over-bureaucratic duty within the professionals. The author of this paper has observed in practice, not in this particular assessment, that some professional do not reassess clients when they are admitted. Instead the latest CPA 1A form (usually filled in by the CRHTT) is photocopied or copied-pasted and re-used to speed up the process. This would be acceptable if the client was assessed the day or night before the admission, because the social, psychological or biological needs would have not changed in that period of time. When older assessments are used, changes in circumstances might have not been updated. In the worst case scenario a health professional could have misunderstood the clients needs and have documented them wrongly. This misunderstanding could be carried over, therefore care would be affected. This hypothetical scenario shows that CPA assessments should be done every time when needed. CPA as a case management tool fails to compile the most important features which promote therapeutic relationship. In contrast with other case managements models the role of the care co-ordinator is more of an administrative and as an alternative service prescriber (Simpson et al 2003a). This means that there is no need for a specific training or skills related to therapeutic relationship, partly because other services (or service providers) will engage with the client, and the care co-ordinator just oversees the process of care. Moreover, CPA also lacks a nursing model background and fails to define specific roles within the multi-disciplinary team. These factors reduce the teamness feeling between the health professional (Simpson et al 2003b). Although, it could be argued that the reason, why CPA is lacking nursing background, is that it was not designed as a mental health nursing framework but for the use of mental health services. In this particular reflexion the care co-ordinato r was not present in the admission and never mention during the assessment. Whether it was a usual situation or not it is something that never was discussed, but it shows Simpson et al (2003a and 2003b) critiques of CPA as a case management were factual. CPA and Tidal Model are intended to provide holistic care for clients and their families. However, the Tidal Model is more clients centred than CPA, and it also looks into the more positive side of the clients situation, foreseen the now and future as a whole. It explains the illness as an accumulation of life factors. The Tidal Model complements other health and social care professionals, as well as it searches to nurse by building a special relationship between health practitioner and client. Moreover, CPA always looks for risk signs in the short-term and from a psychiatric approach. As this assessment took place in an inpatient admission it is important to bear in mind that in this particular environment CPA forms (1A, 2, 2A and 4) were used for assessment, planning, implementing and evaluation of inpatient care and for the liaison with other health professional in tertiary care (such as physiotherapist, dietician or occupational therapist). Perhaps CPA would benefit from sharing some principles of a nursing model (like the Tidal Model), by using it as a tool more than as a paperwork and from a better staff training and promoting adherence to nursing models (Barker 2001). Whether the ward uses Tidal Model or CPA to structure care, an inpatient admission is always stressful and uncomfortable experience for clients and their families. John saw the nurse as a stranger in an unfamiliar place, however, Tom was there to guide the client throughout his care, to provide information and to be somebody he could relay on. This first encounter related to the orientation phase described by Peplau (1952) (cited by Sheldon (2005), see Appendix 2). In this phase Johns past experiences, expectancies, culture and believes were to condition the initial interaction. Following this phase John went into the identification stage, where he sought assistance for anxiety relief techniques, shared needs and strengths when and co-designed care plans and began to have feelings of belonging and capability, therefore decreasing negative feelings. This exchange of feelings is going to lead to exploitation and resolution phases, where John will engaged with treatment (medical, physic al and social), having different needs at different times, starting to be informed about all the help available towards the final stage, feeling as an important part of the whole nursing process and finally ending the professional relationship when discharged. The exploitation and resolution phases were not observe as at the time of writing John was still an inpatient. John had had previously one bad inpatient admission. He reported that he was very unhappy when he was in the other hospital 10 years ago. He explained that the bad experience was related to the other clients and organizational issues rather than staff. John stated that he was feeling anxious but happy that he was getting help. His positive attitude helped to engage him in the assessment process and on the ward activities, which were the first steps towards the identification phase. Therefore, John could begin to have professional input from other members of the multi-disciplinary team. Tom interacted in a way that John felt understood, respected and individualized. Tom did not appear to have preconceived ideas of the client after reading the CPA forma 1A. And certainly, Tom treated John respectfully and as an equal human being. He followed the NMC code of practice 2008, which states that: you must treat people as individuals and not to discriminate in any way those in your care. Tom tried to adapt the pace of the questioning to the clients needs, involving him and asking in a respectful manner. Tom also acknowledged Johns anxiety feelings, and showed it when taking further (BAI see appendix 1) assessments to empathize more with Johns situation. This reinforced the approachability and genuineness of the nurse and led John to open and engage with the assessment process and the health professional. 3. Influencing factors John scored 45 points in the BAI (see appendix 1), which is a high scoring. This could have been influenced by the hospital admission and the assessment process. Despite these factors and Johns actual mental state he engaged in the assessment actively. The BAI scales consist of 21 observable and self-rating symptoms of anxiety, rated from 0 to 3 (0 being the lowest score), which can also be easily transformed in direct questions or self rating. At the end of the assessment the scores are added up and compared against the scales. There are several assessment tools available such as Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS) or Hamilton Anxiety Scales (a collection of them can be found in the Appendix 1 reference). The BAI is shown to be a quick and reliable when measuring clients anxiety levels and it also differentiates General Anxiety Depression and depression (Fydrich et al 1992). Although, these characteristics appear to be positive, it could be argued that BAI is just a merely adaptation of the DSM-IV panic symptoms and therefore it could also be said that measures panic attacks rather than anxiety levels (Cox et al 1996 and de Beurs et al 1997). On the other hand, HADS which achieves good levels of anxiety and depression screening could have been more appropriate for hospital settings and more accurate (Bjelland et al 2002). It is important to point out that NICE clinical guideline for management of Anxiety (2004) does not recommend a specific tool for assessment of anxiety, which gives to the professional practitioner choice on the usage of available tools. This affects practice as these scales are not used as often as they should be. Most practitioners relay on their observations and experience to perform informal assessments, rather than using research based scales. It is perhaps understandable when dealing with clients unable to fully understand these assessments. But in practice it can be noticed that nurses do not tend to use anxiety inventory even with clients that could engage with the process. Tom designed care plans in partnership with John and made him realise which were more realistic goals in the short and long term. Tom had shown knowledge and understanding of the professional capabilities that the NSF defined in the documents The Ten Essential Shared Capabilities (2004) and The Capable Practitioner (2001). These documents set basic principles that underpin positive mental health practice as well as providing the basic grounding for service workers to continue developing and learning skills. Therefore, it was observed during the placement that along the whole admission the nursing team also guided care and practice as appointed by these documents. They provided patient-centred care, which is accountable for each client and respecting the individual. The team also had a broad knowledge of national legislations as well as local policies and services, and worked under the same professional and ethical principles recognizing the rights of the clients and their families. T hey promoted recovery and self-realisation by identifying people needs/strengths and empowering the individuals. Most of the team members were undertaking further training, to keep their skills up-to-date or be able to transfer their existing skills to new environments. They also worked in partnership with family, carers, lay people and external agencies, such as community care services, voluntary associations and vocational services. 4. Evaluation In the interview Tom used a Rogerian approach (Roger (1961) cited by Sheldon (2005)). He also showed knowledge of Peplaus interpersonal theories and applied them in practice by creating a shared experience of care. However, it also would be appropriate to use the Herons six-category intervention framework (Heron 1989). This framework was designed to enable a practitioner (nurse) taking the lead to facilitate the clients specific needs or arising issues. Therefore this intervention could have been used in the admissions assessment and the following one to one sessions, which have been described in this essay. The framework is made off two categories, which are subdivided in three more. The first category is authoritative which it can be prescriptive, in which the nurse influences and directs behaviour, gives advice and prescribe goals. It also can be informative providing information or giving feedback for the clients behaviour. The third subcategory is confronting, in which the pract itioner challenges the clients beliefs or actions. The second category is the facilitative which is divided into cathartic, in which the nurse tries to release the clients painful feelings and talks about or express them with actions (tears, anger or shouts). Next subcategory is catalytic, where the nurse tries to help the client and encourage self-discovery and learning. Finally, supportive is the category where the client is supported in an unqualified manner. The facilitative stage of the framework would have been the most appropriate to use in the first assessment. Johns mental state would not have benefit from an authoritative approach as he might have felt threatened by the staff, therefore his willingness to engage with the service could have reduced greatly. This approach shares the same goals as the one that Tom used. The outcome would have been the same, which was the beginning to build a relationship towards recovery. However, it is important to know different ways to practice and to interact in order to provide an individualised care. This principle is shared by the models discussed in the essay (CPA and Tidal Model) and also by the nursing professional code (NMC code of practice 2008). 5. Learning Although, it was difficult to deal with Johns anxiety levels and his initial unwillingness to engage with the assessment, it was possible to create a therapeutic relationship between nurse and client. After this reflexion it was learnt that nurses knowledge and usage of the right nursing models, strategies and tools can be adapted to individual situations and their own circumstances. It is also important to share principles of care and to change some nurses cultures regarding models of care. It was positive to reflect upon this experience and, therefore, to realise how the theory learnt was applied in practice. Since nursing studies and practice are moved towards research based knowledge it seems that the human connection and relationship building have lost their place in the nursing profession. As a student it is good to see that values based nursing promoted safe, trustful and supporting environment, which led to a healthy therapeutic relationship (Hewitt 2009). In conclusion, the reflection and analysis of engagement through a biopsychosocial assessment illustrated how personal and organizational factors effect on clients care. It was found out that applying specific intervention techniques, mental health screening tools and the adequate adaptation to the individual and the situation promote engagement and build a healthy therapeutic relationship. Furthermore, the research showed that the relevant mental health regulations and nursing professional code recognise the need to keep up-to-dated knowledge and skills in order to provide the best care. All the above techniques and tools were found to be used in a very individual way between the nursing professionals. In addition to this, it was found that theses personal adaptations to practice and clients care were beneficial when reducing barriers for engagement and personalising the care. The positive and negative characteristics of the actual mental health framework CPA were brought forward and it was found that it lacks a nursing model background. CPA and Tidal Model when compared and contrasted, showed that both mental health frameworks differ gratefully from each other but at the same time they could benefit from each other. Despite the ward worked under CPA and used a more medical approach to nursing, the nursing team shared the same professional capabilities and worked towards holistic goals and recovery. Over all, in order to engage and to provide relevant services for clients and cares biopsychosocial needs there should be a continues connection between practice and theory in nursing. References Addis J Gamble C (2004) Assertive outreach nurses experience of engagement. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 11 (4) 452-460. Barker P (2001) The Tidal Model: developing an empowering, person-centred approach to recovery within psychiatric and mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 8 233-240. Barker P Buchanan-Barker P (2005) Tidal Model: A guide for mental health professional. Brunner-Routledge. Hove. UK. Bjelland I Dahl A A Haug T T (2002) The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 55(2) 69-77. Cox B J Cohen E Direnfeld D M Swinson R P (1997) Does the Beck Anxiety Inventory measure anything beyond panic attacks? Behaviour Research Therapy 34 (11/12) 949-954. Cutcliffe J R Barker P (2002) Considering the care of the suicidal client and the case for engagement and inspiring hope or observations. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 9 611-621. Department of Health (2002) Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Adult Acute Inpatient Care Provision. Department of Health (2004) The Ten Essential Shared Capabilities. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4087169 Accessed: 29/12/09 de Beurs E Wilson K A Chambless D L Goldstein A J Ulrike Feske U (1997) Convergent and divergent validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia Depression and Anxiety 6 140-146. Fydrich T Dowdall D Chambless D L (1992) Reliability and Validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 6 55-61. Gordon W Morton T Brooks G (2005) Launching the Tidal Model: evaluating the evidence. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 12 (6) 703-712. Heron J (1989) Six-Category Intervention Analysis (3rd EDN) Human Potential Resource Group, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK. Hewitt J (2009) Redressing the balance in mental health nursing education: Arguments for a values-based approach International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 18 368-379. Hosany Z Wellman N Lowe T (2007) Fostering a culture of engagement: a pilot study of the outcomes of training mental health nurses working in two UK acute admission units in brief solution-focused therapy techniques. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 14 (7) 688-695. Johns C Graham J (1996) Using a Reflective Model of Nursing and Guided Reflection. Nursing Standard 11 (2) 34-38. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) Clinical Guideline for Management of Anxiety (2004) http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg022fullguideline.pdf Accessed: 26/11/09 National Service Framework (NSF) Modern Standards and Service Models for Mental Health (1999) NHS our Healthier Nation. Noak J (2001) Do we need another model for mental health care? Nursing Standard 16 (8) 33-35. Norman I Ryrie I (2004) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing: A Textbook of Principles. Open University Press. Maidenhead. UK. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The Code. (NMC, London). Sheldon L K (2005) Communication for Nurses: Talking with Patients. Sudbury; Jones and Bartlett. Simpson A (2009) The acute care setting. In Barker P (2009) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The craft of caring. Edward Arnold Ltd. London. Simpson A Miller C Bowers L (2003a) Case management models and the care programme approach: how to make the CPA effective and credible. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10, 472-483. Simpson A Miller C Bowers L (2003b) The history of the Care Programme Approach in England: Where did it go wrong? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10, 489-504. The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (2001) The Capable Practitioner. http://www.scmh.org.uk/publications/capable_practitioner.aspx?ID=552 Accessed: 29/12/09 Appendixes Appendix 1 Beck Anxiety Inventory Below is a list of common symptoms of anxiety. Please carefully read each item in the list. Indicate how much you have been bothered by that symptom during the past month, including today, by circling the number in the corresponding space in the column next to each symptom. Not At All Mildly but it didnt bother me much. Moderately it wasnt pleasant at times Severely it bothered me a lot Numbness or tingling 0 1 2 3 Feeling hot 0 1 2 3 Wobbliness in legs 0 1 2 3 Unable to relax 0 1 2 3 Fear of worst happening 0 1 2 3 Dizzy or lightheaded 0 1 2 3 Heart pounding/racing 0 1 2 3 Unsteady 0 1 2 3 Terrified or afraid 0 1 2 3 Nervous 0 1 2 3 Feeling of choking 0 1 2 3 Hands trembling 0 1 2 3 Shaky / unsteady 0 1 2 3 Fear of losing control 0 1 2 3 Difficulty in breathing 0 1 2 3 Fear of dying 0 1 2 3 Scared 0 1 2 3 Indigestion 0 1 2 3 Faint / lightheaded 0 1 2 3 Face flushed 0 1 2 3 Hot/cold sweats 0 1 2 3 Column Sum Scoring Sum each column. Then sum the column totals to achieve a grand score. Write that score here ____________ . Interpretation A grand sum between 0 21 indicates very low anxiety. That is usually a good thing. However, it is possible that you might be unrealistic in either your assessment which would be denial or that you have learned to mask the symptoms commonly associated with anxiety. Too little anxiety could indicate that you are detached from yourself, others, or your environment. A grand sum between 22 35 indicates moderate anxiety. Your bod